When people look into criminology, they may initially be surprised by how expansive this field is. Everybody involved with the formal study of crime, the relationship between the criminal and his or her environment, and society's reaction to crime would have some sort of place under the broad umbrella of Criminology. Sometimes, criminologists are researchers who are attempting to find the common links between deviant behavior and the environment, in order to try to pinpoint what it is that causes or perpetuates crime. There are presently several different theories that try to explain, by scientific processes, what it is that causes a crime to take place. These theories began to emerge in earnest in the middle of the 1800's. Over the course of the following two hundred or so years, different theories began to be put forward and eventually they began to involve genetics, hormones and biological makeup. Previously, theories of criminology relied mostly on society and its effect on a person to either push an individual into crime or away from crime. What is criminology, if not to battle against crime?

There are three distinct schools of thought when it comes to criminology. One of the first groups, the Classical school, holds that utilitarian philosophy is the foundational notion of criminology. They contend that individuals have free will and can decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. The hedonistic, or self-indulgent, side of the struggle must be offset against the individual's rational and logic. When the selfish side is supreme, crime may ensue. Rational is the side of the individual that would consider the penalty for the crime and, if that penalty is harsh enough, is also the part of the individual that would keep them from carrying out the crime by looking at the costs. Positivists are those who believe that the elements that strengthen the criminal's tendency to break the law do not rest within their own control. Rather, elements such as society, or the person's chemical makeup are responsible.

Environmental factors are said to be beyond the control of any individual, but are still things that may play what Positivists claim as the biggest part in the cause, when a criminal has committed a crime. In the Chicago school of thinking, people consider that criminals are a product of the disorganized environments from which they come. Later, this definition was extended to include the belief that older generations taught younger generations about criminal activity. It is usually said that this group believe that crime happens only where the social makeup of the area is damaged and unequal.

Crime is often considered to be a blemish according to our culture and society. It causes people to be anxious when they just want to live quietly. Criminologists are, in a particular way, trying to determine what causes a crime, or instigates that type of behavior in a person in order to limit the amount of crime.

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